Petroleum is usually a variety of compounds hydrocarbon, Especially the series alkanes, And is usually found in the upper crust. Primary use is as a source of petroleum energy to drive vehicle. In addition to fuel and lubricants, petroleum is also used in various industries such as manufacturing solvents, fertilizers and pesticides, soap and detergents, perfumes, plastics, explosives and other.
Composition
When scanned with a narrow meaning, crude petroleum contains only. However, in normal usage conditions, it includes crude oil and natural gas. Both oil crude and natural gas is a mixture of components hydrocarbon more. Under conditions of pressure and temperature surface, the hydrocarbon-lighter hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, propane and butane exist as gas, While the more severe as pentane and on whether there liquid or solid. However, in the oil reservoir underground, their ratio of either gas or liquid will vary depending on conditions in the subsurface, and is also dependent on phase diagram for the petroleum mixture.
Chemical
The chemical components of crude oil is separated by the process distillation, And then, after further processing, the kerosene, gasoline, candle, asphalt, Etc..
Petroleum consists of hydrocarbons, the resultant hydrogen and carbon.
Four alkanes lightest-CH4 (methane), C2H6 (ethane), C3H8 (propane), And C4H10 (butane) - It is a gas that boils at -161.6 ° C, -88.6 ° C, -42 ° C, and -0.5 ° C, in a row (-258.9 °, -127.5 °, -43.6 ° and +31.1 ° F ).
Chain C region5-7 all light, and volatile, naphtha clear. Complete mixture are used as solvents, dry cleaners (dry clean), And quick-dry other products. Chain of C6H14 to C12H26 mixed together and used for gasoline. Kerosene is made of chain C region10 to C15, Followed by diesel oil (C10 to C20) And fuel oil used in ship engines. Union of crude oil are all in liquid form in room temperature.
Lubricants and semi-solid fat (including Vaseline®) is between C16 up to C20.
Chains in the C20 solid shape, starting from the "candle, then tar, And bitumen asphalt.
The atmospheric pressure boiling point distillation fractions of degrees Celsius:
* ether oil: 40 - 70 ° C (used as solvent)
* oil light: 60 - 100 ° C (fuel vehicle)
* Heavy oil: 100 - 150 ° C (fuel vehicles)
* kerosene light: 120 - 150 ° C (solvent and fuel for household)
* kerosene: 150 - 300 ° C (fuel jet engine)
* gas oil: 250 - 350 ° C (diesel oil/ Heater)
* lubricants:> 300 ° C (engine oil)
* the rest: tar, asphalt, residual fuel
Some scientists state that oil is abiotic substances, which means that this substance is not derived from fossils but from inorganic substances produced naturally in the earth. However, this view is questionable in a scientific environment.
Formation
View geologist of crude oil and natural gas as a product compression and heating a organic (Eg kerogen) On geologic time. Formation of petroleum from existing from occurs pyrolysis hydrocarbon , In a variety of the many reactions endothermic temperature and / or high pressure.Oil is used today is composed of the remaining zooplankton and algae prehistoric, Which sank in the sea or lakes in quantities much below anoxic conditions (Remains of prehistoric land plants, In contrast, tend to form coal). After a period of geological organic matter was mixed with mud, And was embedded under layers Sediment resulting in a level heat and pressure high (known as diagenesis). This causes chemical changes of organic matter, at first a sticky substance called kerogen which can be found in various syel oil around the world, and then with more heat into hydrocarbon liquids and gases in a process known as katagenesis.
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